Deep rook endgame riddle
In June 1979, two months after the super event in Montreal, a small double round-robin tournament for four players was held in the small Dutch town of Waddinxveen near Gouda. The world-class players Vlastimil Hort, Lubomir Kavalek and Gennadi Sosonko were, as expected, dominated by Anatoly Karpov. Going into the final round, the World Champion had already secured victory with a score of 4/5, 1.5 points ahead of second-placed Hort.
In those years, Karpov was famous for his brilliant endgame technique, with which he achieved many technical victories even from positions with only slight advantages. Hort's position seemed extremely difficult, and Karpov did indeed win the game. the positional rook ending after 27.Rxe3 has been analysed and commented on by Jan Timman and Tibor Karolyi.
Their conclusion is that Black should give up a pawn right at the start of the endgame (instead of 27...Re8) to save his position. After this missed chance White is on the verge of victory, the annotators find no errors or significant improvements on either side.
However, analysis with a modern engine shows that a surprisingly high number of mistakes were actually made by both players after 27.Rxe3. We asked our readers if they could find some of the critical moves, or perhaps even all of them. Wolfram Schön sent us the following deep analysis. He wrote:
As we know, the World Champion was able to wrestle down his opponent from this position after 27...Re8 in 30 moves. At first glance, this appears to be another example of Karpov's famous endgame technique. From an advantageous but unwon position, he outplayed a world-class opponent who committed no serious mistakes. Therefore, this positional rook ending has attracted the attention of several commentators over the years, e.g.:
- Srdan Cvetkovic: Chess Informant 27 (Sahovski Informator, 1979)
- Jan Timman: "The Art of Chess Analysis" (Everyman Chess, 1997 org. 1993)
- Tibor Karolyi: "Endgame Virtuoso Anatoly Karpov" (New In Chess, 2007)
- Daniel Naroditsky: "Mastering Complex Endgames" (New In Chess, 2012)
Timman and Karolyi suggest Hort's first decision (27...Re8) as a possible losing move. Otherwise neither of the authors dares to describe a move by either player as a mistake and Karpov's treatment of the position is highly praised throughout.
Although Timman's analysis is essentially based on the original Dutch version of his 1980 book, it is still the best and provides insight into a number of important factors of this endgame. However, a more detailed analysis with a modern engine reveals quite a number of tactical and strategic details, previously undiscovered. This means that many moves, variations and positions have to be re-evaluated.
Summary
The result of the investigation is that both players committed a total of nine mistakes in the course of the rook ending.
This position is a key for the understanding, as it is a remarkable case of reciprocal zugzwang. In the game it was Black's turn to move and he is lost (see the analysis after 38.Ra6). However, when it's White's turn to move, he cannot lose a tempo, he is in zugzwang and cannot win (see the side line 32...g6 after 36...Rb7).
In the current pawn structure with the black setup of g7/h6, White wins by h4-h5. If then the black g-pawn moves, White has the favourable pawn exchange h5xg6. Otherwise, White gains more space on the kingside, allowing him, after some preparation, to crack Black's defence (see 31.h5).
On the other hand, if Black can play g7-g6 while the white pawn is still on h4, he sets up the line of defence with g6/h6, which is just enough to hold the game. The best White can then achieve is the key position of the previous diagram, but with him to move (see 32...g6).
Both diagrams are the main reason for seven of the errors.
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1.c4 Nf6 2.Nf3 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.g3 b6 5.Bg2 Bb7 6.0-0 d5 7.cxd5 Nxd5 8.d4 Nxc3 9.bxc3 Nd7 10.Re1 cxd4 11.cxd4 Bb4 12.Bg5 f6 13.Bd2 Bxd2 14.Qxd2 Rc8 15.Qd3 Qe7 16.Rac1 0-0 17.Ng5 fxg5 18.Bxb7 Nc5 19.dxc5 Qxb7 20.Qe3 Rxc5 21.Rxc5 bxc5 22.Rc1 Qd5 23.Rxc5 Qxa2 24.Rxg5 Qb1+ 25.Kg2 Qb6 26.Re5 Qxe3 27.Rxe3 27...Re8 27...a5 28.Rxe6 Ra8 29.Re3 a4 30.Ra3 g5 31.f4 gxf4 32.gxf4 Kf7 33.Kf3 Ke6 34.e4 Kf6 35.Ke3 Ke6 36.Kd4 h5 37.h4 37...Rd8+ 38.Kc5 Rc8+ 39.Kb5 Rb8+! 40.Kxa4 Rb1 41.Rb3 Rf1 42.Rb6+ Kf7! 43.f5 Rf4 44.Re6 Rxh4 45.Kb5 Rg4 46.Kc5 h4! 47.Kd5 Kg7! 48.f6+ Kg6! 49.e5 h3 50.Re8 h2 51.Rh8 Rg2 52.Ke6 Ra2 53.f7 Ra6+ 54.Ke7 Ra7+= 27...Kf7 28.Ra3 Ra8 28...h5 29.Rxa7+ Kf6 30.Ra5 29.Ra6! Kf6! 30.f4 30.h4 h5 31.Kf3 Ke5! 32.Ke3 Kf5 33.f3 g6 34.Ra5+ Kf6 35.Ke4 a6 36.Kf4 Ra7= 30...g5! 31.Kf3 31.fxg5+ Kxg5 32.Rxe6 a5 33.Re5+ Kf6 34.Re3 a4 35.Ra3 h5= 31...h5 32.h3 gxf4 33.Kxf4 33.gxf4 Rg8 34.Rxa7 h4!= 33...Rb8! 34.Rxa7 Rb4+ 35.Kf3 Rb3+ 36.e3 Rb5 37.Ra4 Rc5= 28.Ra3 Re7 29.Ra5! Kf7 30.h4! h6? 30...Rb7 31.h5 Rc7 32.f4 Rb7? 33.Kf3 Rc7 34.g4 Rb7 35.g5 Rc7 36.e3 Rb7 37.Kg4 Rc7 38.Ra6 Rb7 39.e4 Rc7 40.h6! gxh6 40...g6 41.Kf3 Rb7 42.Ke2 Rd7 43.Ke3 Ke7 44.Rc6 Rb7 45.Kd4 Kd7 46.Kc5 Rb1 47.Ra6 Rb7 48.f5! exf5 49.exf5 gxf5 50.g6! hxg6 51.h7 Rb8 52.Kd5 Ke7 53.Ke5 Rb5+ 54.Kf4 Rb4+ 55.Kg5 Rg4+ 56.Kh6+- 41.gxh6 Rc1 42.Rxa7+ Kg6 43.Re7 Rc6 44.e5! Ra6 45.Rg7+ Kxh6 46.Rf7 Kg6 47.Rf6+ Kg7 48.Kg5 Rb6 49.f5 Ra6 50.fxe6 Ra7 51.Kf4 Kg8 52.Kf5! Kg7 53.Ke4 Ra4+ 54.Kd5 Ra5+ 55.Kd6 Ra6+ 56.Kd7 Ra7+ 57.Kd8 Ra8+ 58.Kc7 Ra7+ 59.Kb6 Ra8 60.Kb7 Ra5 61.Rf5 Rd5 62.Kc6 Ra5 63.e7 Ra6+ 64.Kd5 Ra5+ 65.Kc4 Ra4+ 66.Kb5 Ra8 67.e6 h5 68.Rf7+ Kg8 69.Kc6 Ra6+ 70.Kd5 Ra8 71.Ke5 h4 72.Kf6 h3 73.Rg7+ Kh8 74.Rg3+- 30...g6! 31.h5 31.g4 h6! 32.f4 Kf6 31...Kf6 32.f4 e5! 33.Kf3 gxh5 34.Ra6+ Re6! 35.Rxa7 h4! 36.Rxh7 hxg3 37.Rh6+ Kf7 38.Rxe6 Kxe6 39.Kxg3 Kf5!= 31.g4? 31.h5! Kf6 31...e5 32.Kf3! Kf6 33.Kg4! Rb7 34.e4 Re7 35.Ra6+ Re6 36.Rxa7 Rb6 37.Ra5 Re6 38.f4 exf4 39.Rf5+! Ke7 40.gxf4! Rxe4 41.Re5++- 31...g6 32.hxg6+ Kxg6 33.f4 Rc7 34.Kf3 Rc3+ 35.e3 Rc7 36.g4 Rb7 37.Ra3 Kf7 38.Kg3 Kf6 39.Ra5! Kg6 40.Ra6 Kf6 41.Kf3 41...Rc7 42.f5 Re7 43.Kf4 Kg7 44.e4 exf5 45.gxf5 Rb7 46.Kg4 Rc7 47.e5 Rf7 48.Kf4 Rb7 49.Rg6+ Kh7 50.e6 a5 51.Ke5 a4 52.Kf6+- 32.f4! Rb7 33.g4 Rc7 34.Kf3 Kf7 35.Ra6! 35.g5? g6= 35...Kf6 35...Rc3+ 36.e3 Rc7 37.g5! Rb7 38.e4 Ke7 39.Kg4 Kf7 40.gxh6 gxh6 41.f5! exf5+ 42.Kxf5 Kg7 43.Rg6+ Kh7 44.e5 Rf7+ 45.Ke6 Rf1 46.Rf6+- 36.f5! Re7 37.Kf4 Kf7 38.e3! 38.e4? e5+!= 38...exf5 38...Kf6 39.e4 Kf7 40.e5+- 39.gxf5 Kf8 40.e4 Rb7 41.Rc6 Ke7 42.Rc8 Kf7 43.Rd8! Ke7 44.Ra8 Kf7 45.e5 Rb4+ 46.Kf3! Ra4 47.Rb8 Ra1 48.Rb7+ Kf8 49.Ke4 Ra5 50.e6 a6 51.Rc7 Rb5 52.Rf7+ Kg8 53.Ra7 Kf8 54.Rxa6 Ke7 55.Ra7+! Kf8 56.Rf7+ Kg8 57.Rd7 Kf8 58.Ra7! Rc5 59.Ra8+ Ke7 60.Rg8 Rc4+ 61.Kd5 Rg4 62.Ke5! Rg1 63.Rxg7+!+- 31...Kf6 31...g6! 32.f4 Kf6 32.f4 32.h5 e5! 33.Ra6+ Kf7 34.f3 Rb7 35.Kf2 Rc7 36.Ke3 Rc4! 37.Rxa7+ Kf6 38.Ra6+ Kf7= 32...Rb7? 32...g6! 33.Kf3 Rb7 34.e3 Rc7 35.h5 g5! 36.Ra6 Rb7! 37.f5 37.Ra5 Rc7 38.Ra4 Rd7 39.Ra3 Rc7 40.Ra6 Rb7! 37...Rb6! 38.Rxb6 axb6 39.e4 Ke5 40.Ke3 exf5 41.exf5 Kd5 42.Kd3 b5! 43.Kc3 Kc5! 44.Kb2 Kd6 45.Kb3 Kc5 46.Kc3 Kd5! 47.Kb4 Kc6 48.f6 Kd6 49.Kxb5 Ke6 50.Kc5 Kxf6 51.Kd6 Kf7 52.Kd7 Kf6! 53.Ke8 Ke5 54.Kf7 Kf4 55.Kg6 Kxg4 56.Kxh6 Kf5 57.Kg7 g4 58.h6 g3 59.h7 g2 60.h8Q g1Q+ 61.Kf8= 33.Kf3? 33.h5!+- 33...Rc7? 33...g6!= 34.Ra6? 34.h5!+- 34...g6 34...h5 35.g5+ Kf7 36.Ra5 g6 37.Ke4 Rd7 38.Ke5 Ke7 39.e4 Rb7! 40.f5 exf5 41.exf5 gxf5 42.Kxf5 Kf7! 43.g6+ Kg7 44.Kg5 a6! 45.Kxh5 Rb5+! 46.Rxb5 axb5 47.Kg5 b4 48.h5 b3 49.h6+ Kg8 50.Kf6 b2 51.h7+ Kh8 52.g7+ Kxh7 53.Kf7 b1Q 54.g8Q+ Kh6= 35.Ra5 Rd7 36.e3 36.h5?! Rd5! 37.Rxa7 gxh5= 36...Rb7? 36...Kg7 37.h5 gxh5 38.Rxh5 a6 39.Ra5 Rd6 40.e4 Kg6! 41.Kg3 Rb6 42.Kh4 Rc6 43.f5+ Kf6! 44.Kh5 Rc1 45.g5+ hxg5 46.Rxa6 Rh1+ 47.Kg4 Rh4+! 48.Kf3 Rh3+! 49.Ke2 g4! 50.Rxe6+ Kg5! 51.f6 Rf3 52.e5 Kf5 53.Re7 Ke4= 36...Rc7= 37.h5! g5 37...gxh5 38.Rxh5 Kg7 39.Ra5! Kg6+- 38.Ra6! 38...gxf4 38...Rc7 39.f5! Re7 40.e4! Ke5 41.Ke3 Kf6 42.Kd4 Rd7+ 43.Kc5 Re7 44.Kd6! exf5 45.Kd5+ Kf7 46.gxf5+- 38...Rb1 39.Rxa7 gxf4 40.exf4 Rf1+ 41.Kg3 Rg1+ 42.Kh3 Rf1 43.Rh7 Rxf4 44.Rxh6+ Kf7 45.Kh4+- 38...Rb3 39.Rxa7! 39.f5? Rb6!= 39...gxf4 40.Kxf4 e5+ 41.Kf3! Rb4 42.Kg3! Rb3 43.Ra6+ Kg7 44.Kf3 Rb1 45.Ke4 Rb3 46.Re6+- 39.exf4 Rb3+ 40.Kg2 Rb7 41.Kg3 41...Kf7 41...Rb3+ 42.Kh4 Rb7 42...Rb4 43.Rxa7 Rxf4 44.Rh7!+- 43.Ra5! 43.g5+? hxg5+ 44.fxg5+ Kf5! 45.h6 Rb1= 43...Kg7 44.g5! hxg5+ 45.fxg5 Rb4+ 46.Kg3 Rb3+ 47.Kf4 Rb4+ 48.Ke5+- 42.Ra4? 42.g5! hxg5 43.fxg5 Rb3+ 44.Kf4 Rb4+ 45.Ke3! Rb3+ 46.Kd4 Rb4+ 47.Kc5 Rg4 48.Rxa7+ Kf8 49.Ra8+! Ke7 50.h6 Rxg5+ 51.Kc6 Rh5 52.h7!+- 42...Kg7? 42...a6! 43.Rxa6 43.g5 hxg5 44.fxg5 Rb5! 45.Kg4 a5! 46.Rf4+ Kg8! 47.h6 Rb4! 48.g6 e5! 49.Rxb4 axb4 50.Kf5 b3 51.Kf6 b2 52.h7+ Kh8 53.g7+ Kxh7 54.Kf7 b1Q 55.g8Q+ Kh6= 43...Rb3+ 44.Kh4 Rb4! 45.Ra7+ Kg8! 46.Kg3 Rb3+ 47.Kf2 Rb2+ 48.Ke3 Rb3+ 49.Ke4 Rg3! 50.Re7 Rxg4 51.Rxe6 Kg7= 43.g5! Rc7 43...e5 44.fxe5 hxg5 45.Kg4 Re7 46.Ra5 Kh6 47.Ra6+ Kh7 48.e6 Kh6 49.Rd6 a5 50.Kf5+- 44.Ra5 Kg8 45.Rb5?! 45.g6? Kg7 46.Kg4 Kf6 47.Ra6 Rb7 48.Rc6 Rb4! 49.Rc7 e5! 50.g7 Rb8! 51.fxe5+ Kxe5 52.Rf7 Rg8!= 45.Kf3 Kf7 46.Ke4 Kg7 47.Ra6 47.Ke5?! Rf7! 48.Ke4! Rc7 47...Kf7 48.Ra4! Rb7 48...Kg7 49.Ke5! hxg5 50.Kd6! Rb7 51.fxg5 Rb6+ 52.Kc5! Rb7 53.Ra5+- 49.Ra5! Kg7 50.Rc5! a6 51.g6! Kf6 52.Rc6! Rb4+ 53.Kf3 Rb3+ 54.Kg4 Rb4 55.Rxa6+- 45...Kf7?! 45...Rc8! 46.Ra5! Rc6 46...Rc7 47.Kf3 47.Rxa7 Rc5 48.Kg4 Rc4 49.Kf3 Rc5 50.g6! Rxh5 51.Re7! Ra5 52.Ke4! 52.Rxe6? Kg7= 52...Ra6 53.Ke5! h5 54.Re8+! Kg7 55.Rxe6! Ra5+ 56.Ke4! h4 57.f5! Kh6 58.Re8 Ra7 59.Kf4! Ra4+ 60.Re4 Ra3 61.Kg4 h3 62.Re8+- 46.Kg4 a6 46...Kg7 47.Ra5 Rb7 48.Kf3 Rd7 49.Ke4 Rc7+- 47.Rb8 Rc1 47...hxg5 48.fxg5 Rc4+ 49.Kf3 Rc3+ 50.Ke4 Rc4+ 51.Ke3 Rc3+ 52.Kd4 Rc7 53.Ra8 Rb7 54.Rxa6 Rb4+ 55.Kc5 Rg4 56.Ra7+! Kf8 57.Ra8+! Ke7 58.h6!+- 48.g6+! Kg7 49.Rb7+ Kf8 50.Rb6 50.Rh7 Kg8 51.Rxh6? Rc7!= 50...Rg1+ 51.Kf3 Rf1+ 52.Ke4 Re1+ 53.Kd4 Ke7 54.Rxa6 54.Rb7+ Kf8 55.Rh7+- 54...Kf6 55.Ra7 e5+ 56.fxe5+ Rxe5 57.Ra6+ 57.Ra6+ Re6! 58.g7! 58.Rxe6+? Kxe6= 58...Rxa6 59.g8Q Rd6+ 60.Ke4 Re6+ 61.Kf4 Ke7 62.Kf5 Rc6 63.Qg7+ Kd8 64.Qb7 Rd6 65.Ke5+- 1–0 - Start an analysis engine:
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Karpov,A | - | Hort,V | - | 1–0 | 1979 | A30 | Waddingxveen | 6 |
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Summary of the most important individual moves:
- 27...Re8 Black has three different systems of defence. Hort's choice to place his rook on the 7th rank is a bit passive, but fine. A pawn sacrifice with 27...a5 is an active way to hold, but needs some accurate handling in the later stage. The most flexible is 27...Kf7 28.Ra3 Ra8. In some cases Black can rely on his a-pawn, in other cases he can give it up in order to achieve a favourable pawn constellation on the kingside for a draw.
- 30...h6? A setup mistake for the black kingside pawns. 30...g6 is a correct start.
- 31.g4? Instead 31.h5! wins.
- 32...Rb7? Here 32...g6! is mandatory.
- 33.Kf3? As before, 33.h5! is necessary to win.
- 33...Rc7? Again 33...g6! is the only right way.
- 34.Ra6? Another missed chance to 34.h5! for the win.
- 36...Rb7? Here Black is in the right defensive setup, but with this unfortunate rook move he runs into the key position of reciprocal zugzwang with him to move.
- 42.Ra4? Surprisingly, a preparatory move is disastrous. Only the direct 42.g5! is correct.
- 42...Kg7? Although Black's situation seems hopeless, there is a miraculous save with 42...a6!.
- 45.Rb5?! For now White's rook is still perfectly placed on the a-file. With 45.Kf3 the white king should improve first.
- 45...Kf7?! By 45...Rc8 Black can force the white rook back to a5.

About the analyst
Wolfram Schön, born 5.6.1967, is an International Master 1987 and a grandmaster in correspondence chess since 2006. Greatest success: third place in the Correspondence Chess World Championship 2003-05.
Wolfram is a programmer and an asset manager by profession.
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