Thirty years! Happy Birthday Fritz (2)

by Frederic Friedel
11/9/2021 – In November 1991 ChessBase launched its first chess playing program for PCs. After a modest start it picked up strength and started challenging the best players in the world. In 1992 the reigning World Champion Garry Kasparov played 35 blitz games, on his notebook, a beta of Fritz 3. He won 31, the computer won four. In 1994 Fritz was equal first with Kasparov in the strongest blitz tournament of all time (17 GMs, Elo average of 2625). In a supreme effort, Garry won the playoff.

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Kasparov and Fritz

In 1992, I took Fritz 2 (actually a beta version of Fritz 3) with me to Cologne, where World Champion Garry Kasparov was preparing for a match. We installed the program on his HP OmniBook laptop, and he played, compulsively, around 35 blitz games, against it. Fritz won four of them. It was an historic occasion: for the first time in his life Garry had actually lost a game against a computer, albeit at fast time controls and under informal circumstances.

Here are some of the games he played:

 
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1.e4 c6 2.Nc3 e6 3.d4 d5 4.e5 Nd7 5.f4 Bb4 6.Nf3 Ne7 7.a3 Bxc3+ 8.bxc3 0-0 9.Bd3 b6 10.Bxh7+ Kxh7 11.Ng5+ Kg6 12.Qg4 Nxe5 13.fxe5 f5 14.Qg3 f4 15.Qg4 Kh6 16.Bxf4 Rxf4 17.Qxf4 Ng6 18.Nf7+ Kh7 19.Qg3 Qh4 20.Qxh4+ Nxh4 21.0-0 Nf5 22.Nd6 Ba6 23.Rxf5 exf5 24.e6 Be2 25.Re1 Bh5 26.e7 Be8 27.Nxf5 g6 28.Nd6 Kg7 29.h4 Kf6 30.g4 Rb8 31.Kf2 a5 32.Kg3 a4 33.g5+ Kg7 34.h5 gxh5 35.Kh4 b5 36.Nxe8+ Rxe8 37.Kxh5 Kf7 38.Kg4 Rxe7 39.Rxe7+ Kxe7 40.Kf5 Kf7 41.Ke5 Kg6 42.Kd6 Kxg5 43.Kxc6 Kf4 44.Kxd5 Kf5 45.Kc6 Kf4 46.d5 Ke3 1–0
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WhiteEloWBlackEloBResYearECOEventRnd
Kasparov,G-Fritz 2-1–01992B15Cologne blitz 5
Kasparov,G-Fritz 2-0–11992A01Cologne blitz 5
Kasparov,G-Fritz 2-1–01992C01Cologne blitz 5
Kasparov,G-Fritz 2-1–01992A00Cologne blitz 5
Fritz 2-Kasparov,G-0–11992A42Cologne blitz 5
Fritz 2-Kasparov,G-0–11992B34Cologne blitz 5
Fritz 2-Kasparov,G-1–01992B43Cologne blitz 5
Fritz 2-Kasparov,G-1–01992A04Cologne blitz 5
Fritz 2-Kasparov,G-1–01992A84Cologne blitz 5
Fritz 2-Kasparov,G-½–½1992C07Cologne blitz 5
Kasparov,G-Fritz 2-1–01992D31Cologne blitz 5

You can find the Fritz 2 games, as well as many others – against Hort, Piket, Henley,  Dzindzichashvili, etc. – in Mega Database.

In May 1994 the semiconductor company Intel staged the "World Chess Express Challenge." It was arguably the strongest blitz tournament of all time, with 17 GMs (Elo average of 2625), and one computer, running Fritz 3 on an Olivetti running the latest Intel processor, a Pentium 90 MHz.

To everyone's surprise Fritz beat GMs Chernin, Anand, Cvitan, Gelfand, Wojtkiewicz, Hjartarson, Kasparov, Kramnik and Short (in that order) to finish equal first with Kasparov. The performance calculated for the program was over 2800 points.

After a short pause there was a playoff between the world champion and the presumptuous Fritz. Garry spent the half-hour break pondering his strategy and appeared at the board in high spirits.

"I'm going to teach it a lesson," he said, "and I know exactly how I'm going to do it." In the first game he reached a promising position, but dropped the win in the endgame. Was the unthinkable going to happen? No way! In the following games Fritz met its master, who put it away with three convincing victories and a draw. The grandmasters following the games on a monitor outside the playing hall burst into enthusiastic catcalls as the computer was ground down to mate in the final game. You can find all the games of that memorable event in Mega Database.

The event made the title of a German computer chess magazine.

You can find all the games Fritz played in the Intel World Express Challenge in Mega Database

After the Intel Challenge Garry discussed the even on the premium sports program in German TV. There he played a quick demo game against Fritz – and lost. You can watch it on Youtube.

In 1995 Kasparov played against Fritz4 in London. With the black pieces, Garry went into a Classical Nimzo-Indian battle. He got a R+B+pawns versus R+N+pawns ending. He traded off his bishop for Fritz’s Knight. Then he played a very skilful endgame to win. In the second game, when Fritz had black, it chose to go into the Tarrasch Defense. Garry simplified into an ending with opposite colored bishops, got a draw and won the match.

But the program was getting stronger all the time. Frans Morsch explained:

"Fritz is built around so-called null-move search. In its search Fritz allows one side to move twice (the other side does a null-move). If the position after the null-move does not return a high value in the evaluation function, then clearly the first move did not contain a threat. Detecting such moves before they are searched to the full depth is an excellent method to speed up the search. In its latest version, Fritz manages a ten times speed-up. Selective search unavoidably introduces oversights, but these are few. In tournaments against humans and other programs, Fritz has proven to be a tough opponent when defending difficult positions."

Fritz vs. Deep Blue

Fritz was getting stronger. It had started participating in big opens – and scoring well. In the Bad Godesberg GM-Open it scored 5.5 points in 11 games, with an Elo performance of 2452. In May 1995 Fritz finished with a  performance rating of 2554 in the Katowice GM Open. 

In 1996 the EGON tournament was organized in the Hague, Holland – with fifty strong chess programs being paired with 50 strong GMs and IMs. In one round Fritz had to play a two-game match against former World Champion Anatoly Karpov. In the first game, with the black pieces, Fritz chose to go into a QGD Tarrasch, and the game ended in a draw. Karpov played positionally, tricking Fritz into giving up a little initiative here, and a little more there. He then simplified and took Fritz to an endgame, which he then won rather easily. In the second game, Karpov chose the French defense and held on to draw and won the match. The score, like Kasparov's, was 1½-½. Fritz ended in fifth place overall.

In the same year, playing in Baden, Switzerland, Fritz drew its games against Victor Kortchnoi and Women's World Champion Zsuzsa Polgar. In a Bled tournament, playing against the Slowenian Olympiad team, Fritz scored 8:2, with an Elo performance of 2727. It was slowly climbing the ladder of computer excellence.

In May 1996 Fritz participated in the Eighth World Computer Chess Championship, staged in  Chinese University of Hong Kong. There it played a memorable game against a prototype of IBM's Deep Blue – and won.

In the end Fritz, running on a 90 MHz Pentium, was the winner of the Eighth World Computer Chess Championship, open not just for micros, but for all computers, including giant mainframes.

Here's the decisive game against Deep Blue:

 
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1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 e5 6.Ndb5 d6 7.Bg5 a6 8.Na3 b5 9.Bxf6 gxf6 10.Nd5 f5 11.Bd3 Be6 12.Qh5 f4 13.0-0 Rg8 14.Kh1 Rg6 15.Qd1 Rc8 16.c4 Qh4 17.g3 Qh3 18.Qd2 f3 19.Rg1 Rh6 20.Qxh6 Qxh6 21.cxb5 Bxd5 22.exd5 Nb4 23.Bf5 Rc5 24.bxa6 Nxa6 25.Nc2 Qd2 26.Ne1 Rxd5 27.Nxf3 Qxf2 28.Be4 Ra5 29.Rg2 Qe3 30.Re1 Qh6 31.Bc6+ Kd8 32.a3 f5 33.Rc2 Rc5 34.Rxc5 Nxc5 35.Rf1 Be7 36.a4 f4 37.gxf4 Qxf4 38.Rg1 Nxa4 39.b4 Qxb4 0–1
  • Start an analysis engine:
  • Try maximizing the board:
  • Use the four cursor keys to replay the game. Make moves to analyse yourself.
  • Press Ctrl-B to rotate the board.
  • Drag the split bars between window panes.
  • Download&Clip PGN/GIF/FEN/QR Codes. Share the game.
  • Games viewed here will automatically be stored in your cloud clipboard (if you are logged in). Use the cloud clipboard also in ChessBase.
  • Create an account to access the games cloud.
WhiteEloWBlackEloBResYearECOEventRnd
Deep Blue Prototype-Fritz-0–11995WCCC 19955

And on it went:

  • In Junuary 1997 in Greece, Fritz won a live TV match against GM Spyridon Skembris 2½-1½
  • In December 1997 in Cologne, Germany, Fritz played in the international IMPULS GM tournament, finishing in third place with 10/13 points and an Elo performance of 2700
  • In May 1998 Fritz beate GM Epishin 2-1 in Kuppenheim, Germany
  • In June 1998 Fritz won the Frankfurt Chess Classic ahead of world class players Ivanchuk, Beliavski, Kortchnoi and Hübner, with an Elo performance of 2780
  • In March 1999 at the CeBit Hannover trade fair Fritz played 1-1 against Garry Kasparov
  • In April 1999 Fritz beat Judit Polgar 5½-2½ (Elo performance 2810)
  • In July 1999 Frankfurt won the Chess Classic 99 ahead of world class GMs PeterLeko, Veselin Topalov, Peter Svidler, Judit Polgar, Christopher Lutz, Alexander Morosewitsch and Michael Adams. The Elo performance was 2825.

​In 1999, a Fritz DVD was sent up to the Russian space station “MIR”, where the cosmonauts could play against it. Fritz burnt up with MIR station when it was de-orbited two years later. 

  • In May 2000 in Rotterdam Fritz was the first program to take part in an official national championship (of humans!) and finished in third place.
  • In September 2001 Fritz was installed into an industrial robot and played in the Danish Industrial Fair in Herning.

In November 2003 Garry Kasparov played a very special match against Fritz in New York. This will be the subject of our next Fritz birthday article

All Fritz history articles

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Editor-in-Chief emeritus of the ChessBase News page. Studied Philosophy and Linguistics at the University of Hamburg and Oxford, graduating with a thesis on speech act theory and moral language. He started a university career but switched to science journalism, producing documentaries for German TV. In 1986 he co-founded ChessBase.

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