Riddle: Thomas-Alekhine solved!

by Zoran Petronijevic
2/17/2025 – Recently, the game Thomas-Alekhine, Baden 1925, from move 34...Qc4, was published on this site, with a request that readers get involved to help solve this riddle. Was the position really lost for White? And did Black maintain his winning advantage until the end of the game? Today we give the solution.

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Both Nimzowitsch in his monumental work My System, as well as Alekhine in his book My Best Games 1924-1937, believed that White was lost the whole time from our starting position to the end of the game (Nimzowitsch did not explicitly state this, but this conclusion follows from his comments). And, indeed, the following position is lost for White. However, the problem remains: did Black maintain his winning advantage until the end of the game, or were there pitfalls (for Black) and opportunities (for White) on the way? Let us see!

Thomas-Alekhine, Baden Baden 1925
Black to play

In my opinion, the first critical moment in the game, not mentioned by annotators until now, is the move 35…Rxc4? This natural move throws away the win. Instead, re-capturing with the pawn 35…bxc4 changes the pawn structure, and it should be enough of an advantage for Black to force a win (albeit a gradual one). We should mention that our analysis of this 35…bxc4 line draws on analysis by Charles Sullivan (USA).

The second critical moment in the game is the move 37.Rfb1? This move is a mistake and White is losing once more. Better was 37.g4!, after which White organizes counterplay on the kingside, which should be enough for salvation.

The third important moment in the game (again, not discussed by annotators previously) is the move 42…Rca4? With this move, Alekhine spoils the win for the second time. Instead, the winning move was 42…f6.

But after Black’s mistake on move 42, Thomas immediately makes a mistake of his own with 43.Rba1? and White is lost. After the better 43.Bc1!, White should hold.

The fifth important moment in the game is the move 44...R6a5? – a mistake after which White can once more save the game. Better was 44...f6 after which Black should win with correct play.

Instead of the move 45…a6, interesting (and slightly preferable) is 45…f6. However, with proper play, White should still survive.

The sixth and last critical moment in this game is the move 48.Bc1? The move is a mistake that loses the game. Black responds with 48…e5 and, as Nimzowitsch comments, this is: "The breakthrough which sets the seal on White’s downfall." However, after the best 48.Kc2!! the position is even. We should mention, this move was also found by GM Alex Fischbein (an avid lover of the book My System) and published in a recent issue of American Chess Magazine.

Of course, as previous commentators have made mistakes and oversights, I do not expect my comments to be ideal either. Chess is a game in which mistakes are an integral part. You could go so far as to say that if mistakes did not exist, it would mean the death of chess. That is why I expect that in the future, someone will take a critical look at this analysis and find further new ideas.

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1.e4       Nf6 2.d3 c5 3.f4 Nc6 4.Nf3 g6 5.Be2 Bg7 6.Nbd2 d5 7.0-0 0-0 8.Kh1 b6 9.exd5 Qxd5 10.Qe1 Bb7 11.Nc4 Nd4 12.Ne3 Qc6 13.Bd1 Nd5 14.Nxd4 cxd4 15.Nxd5 Qxd5 16.Bf3 Qd7 17.Bxb7 Qxb7 18.c4 dxc3 19.bxc3 Rac8 20.Bb2 Rfd8 21.Rf3 Bf6 22.d4 Qd5 23.Qe3 Qb5 24.Qd2 Rd5 25.h3 e6 26.Re1 Qa4 27.Ra1 b5 28.Qd1 Rc4 29.Qb3 Rd6 30.Kh2 Ra6 31.Rff1 Be7 32.Kh1 Rcc6 33.Rfe1 Bh4 34.Rf1 Qc4
Sources: 1. Nimzowitsch: Moja Sistema (Russian), Moscow 1974. 2. Alekhine: Alexander Alekhine's Best Games, London, Batsford 1996 (originally published in three volumes, including My Best Games of Chess 1924-1937). 3. The game has been analyzed in many other sources, but often without questioning the correctness of Alekhine's play and without giving any significant improvement in analysis. A noteworthy exception is the analysis contained within Kotov's book Alekhine, Moscow 1973. This game was analyzed by Nimzowitsch in his immortal work My System (1) as an example of how to play on open files. Alekhine also analyzed this game in his book My Best Games 1924-1937 (2). Alekhine was pleasantly surprised that Nimzowitsch referenced one of his games: "The late Nimzowitsch - who was rather reluctant to comment on the games of his colleagues distinguished this one by including it in his remarkable book, My System."(2) Although Nimzowitsch did not directly write anywhere that White was lost, his comments implicitly show that, certainly by the point at which we join the game after 34...Qc4, he considered Black to be winning. As for Alekhine, he was more direct and explicit (his comment after 22.d4): "This represents positional capitulation, after which Black will have a comparatively easy win because of his full control of the light squares. But owing to the threat of ...Qa6 in connection with the doubling of rooks on the d-file, White already had no real choice."(2) Kotov thought similarly (also after move 22): "And now the winning plan for Black is connected with exploiting the weak light squares." (3) As soon as we look at the position, we see that White is in trouble: there are a lot of weak light squares (a4, c4, d3, e4), his pawns a2, c3 and d4 are weak (and f4 is not much better), and the Bishop b2 is obviously very poorly placed. All of these factors combined mean that Alekhine and Nimzowitsch were right: White is strategically lost at this point. But from here to the end, the game is extremely interesting, with hidden subtleties, oversights and defensive resources that have not previously been analysed. Let us see! 35.Qxc4
White is forced to trade Queens. Simply, he does not have a better move. 35...Rxc4?
First critical moment in the game. Let's first quote Nimzowitsch: "The exchange is grist to Black's mill, for now White's a-pawn has become very weak. The student should notice that the exchange is the direct, almost automatic result of the quiet seizing of strategically important points. The beginner seeks to bring about an exchange in other ways; he pursues the piece, which tempts him, with offers to exchange on to have them refused. The master occupies the strong points and the exchange which seems desirable to him falls like ripe fruit into his lap." Interestingly, this natural move spoils the win! Better is 35...bxc4! changing the pawn structure, after which Black should win. In this analysis helped Charles Sullivan (USA). It is very hard to prove a direct win (almost impossible). 36.a3 Prevents potential b4. Although Black is clearly better, he cannot win. Be7
37.Rfb1? The second critical moment in the game. This move loses. Active play is almost always preferable to passive play. At this point after 37.g4! trying to open up the position on the King's side, White is clearly worse, but he can try to organize counterplay. 37...Bd6 37...Kf8 is also strong. 38.g3 Kf8 The game move is natural: the King should be centralized. 38...h5 is also very strong. 39.Kg2 Ke7 "Bringing the King to the center." - Nimzowitsch (1). 40.Kf2 40.Kf3 with the idea of playing 4 also loses. 40...Kd7 41.Ke2 Kc6 42.Ra2
42...Rca4? The third important moment in the game that was not mentioned by other annotators till now. The game move spoils a win. After better 42...f6 Black is winning. 43.Rba1? The fourth important moment in this game. This move is a mistake after which White is lost. After 43.Bc1! White should hold. 43...Kd5 "Centralization is now complete." - Nimzowitsch (1) . 43...f6 also wins. 44.Kd3
44...R6a5? The fifth important moment in the game. This move is a mistake after which White can save the game. After 44...f6 Black should win after a proper play. 45.Bc1 And now White should hold. a6 A bit preferable is 45...f6 with the idea of playing e5. However, after a proper play, Black cannot win. 46.Bb2 h5 "A new attack and yet the logical consequece of the play on the Queenside, for the White Rooks are chained to the a-pawn, and even if we assumed the Black Rooks to suffer from a like immobility - which is not the case, since they can be brought into play via c4 against the White c-pawn - there remains to Black an indisputable advantage in the more enterprising position of his King. That this advantage should weigh in the balance at all, we have once more only to thank the fact that as a consequence of Black's diversion the White Rooks have lost their wind. If they were mobile, White's advantage derived from his King position would be illusory. Thus the attack on the extreme flank has not immaterially increased the importance of the mobility of Black's King. The strategice contact between the two seemingly separated theatres of war is now made clear. And now on the Kingside Black's ...h5 is intended to provoke h4, in order that, with White's g3 exposed, ...e5 may exercise its full effect. A very instructive case which is recommended for study." Nimzowitsch (1). In fact, Nimzowitsch was wrong: the position is even. Black cannot penetrate. White does not have a better move. If he tries to relocate his pieces 46...Rc4 White can do the same 47.Re1 Raa4 48.Raa1 Rc8 49.Re3 Rac4 50.h4 R8c7 51.Rf1 Ra4 52.Ra1= although Black has better placed pieces, he cannot penetrate. The position is even. 47.h4 f6
White prepares e6-e5. He does not have better idea. 48.Bc1? The sixth and last important moment in the game. This move loses. After a subtle 48.Kc2‼ White should save a draw. 48...e5-+ "The breakthrough which sets the seal on White's downfall." NImzowitsch (1). 49.fxe5 fxe5 50.Bb2 exd4 51.cxd4 b4! "As obvious as this move is, it must yet delight every connoisseur, that the sole purpose fo the breakthrough was to get the disturbing White c-pawn out of the way." - Nimzowitsch. 52.axb4 52.Rg1 is more stubborn, although also loses: Kc6 53.g4 hxg4 54.Rxg4 Rf5 55.Ke2 Rf4 56.Rxf4 56.Rxg6 Rxh4-+ 56...Bxf4 57.Kd3 Kd5 58.Ra1 bxa3 59.Bc3 a2-+ 52...Rxa2 53.bxa5 Rxb2 "The restricted advance was in this game carried out with great virtuosity." - Nimzowitsch (1). This analysis shows a different view of this classical game. Of course, my analysis is also possible to criticize, and I am expecting in the future to see some new ideas. In this way chess develops, and that is the idea of this comment.
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WhiteEloWBlackEloBResYearECOEventRnd
Thomas,G-Alekhine,A-0–11925B21Baden-Baden International10
Thomas,G-Alekhine,A-0–11925B21Baden-Baden International10

Two sets of comments have been provided for the same game. The first version of the commentary contains only the conclusions - it is for readers who do not want to go deeper into the analysis, but just wish to see an overview of the key ideas. The second version gives far more analysis, and it is for people who have more time and are interested in how I came to the above conclusions.

In any case, the idea of this analysis is to improve the understanding of chess, because as Mark Dvoretzky, perhaps the greatest coach of all time, once wrote: "Defensive possibilities in chess are inexhaustible." This is one of those attempts to show that Dvoretzky was right: the defensive possibilities were indeed there in this game, but it has taken 100 years to find them!


Zoran Petronijevic is an IM with FIDE rating 2405 (highest 2430). Lives in the town of Nis, Serbia. For many years he played for various teams, mostly in the first division in former Yugoslavia and Serbia. His occupation is a teacher of Philosophy and Logic. Since 2003 he has worked as a chess coach. In 2004 he made a CD for ChessBase about Caro-Kann (B13-B14). He was an editor for Encyclopedia of chess endgames: pawn, and Rook Endgames for Chess Informant. His passion is literature. In chess, he is interested in history and endgames.
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thirteen thirteen 2/17/2025 12:48
"Taken 100 years to find the mistakes."
Been saying, these past 50 years, One lifetime is not enough, for chess.
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