A Mathematical Chessboard Paradox

by ChessBase
3/24/2009 – In Germany 2008 was the “Year of Mathematics”, and at the same time there was a Chess World Championship and a Chess Olympiade in the country. Reason enough to take a look at an interesting problem at the interface of these two intellectual activities. It is a fascinating paradox which seems to prove that 64 is equal to 65 simply by cutting up a chessboard. Prof. Christian Hesse explains.

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Chess Expeditions

By Prof. Christian Hesse

Ultimately chess is just chess - not the best thing in the world
and not the worst thing in the world, but there is nothing quite like it. – W.C. Fields

A Mathematical Chessboard Paradox

The Federal Ministry of Science and Research in Germany had proclaimed 2008 the “Year of Mathematics”. In addition, in 2008 both a Chess World Championship and a Chess Olympiade took place, so that one may also think of 2008 as the “Year of Chess”. This provides more than enough reason to look at an interesting problem at the interface of these two intellectual activities: mathematics and chess. It is a fascinating paradox which seems to prove that 64 is equal to 65 simply by cutting a chessboard (which, of course, consists of 64 squares) into four pieces and by assembling these pieces into a rectangle whose sides are made up of 5 squares and 13 squares, respectively (which, of course, results in  an area of 5 . 13 = 65 squares).

Specifically, what I have in mind is this:

With three straight cuts the chessboard has been dissected into two equal triangles and two equal trapezoids. The sum of the areas of these four pieces is 64 little squares of the chessboard. These four geometric pieces of the chessboard dissection may now be reassembled into the following rectangle.

Please compare each of the four pieces in the two diagramms. The sides of the resulting rectangle are made up of 5 and (8+5) = 13 little squares. Hence the area of the rectangle is 5 x 13 = 65. These are the same four pieces as cut out from the chessboard, only arranged differently. Hence their total area must also be the same.

Therefore, we have proved that 64 = 65! Obviously, this is not true and there must be a mistake somewhere. Can you find it?

What lies at the center of the above paradox are drawing inaccuracies of the lines that make up the triangles and the trapezoids and hence the rectangle. Drawn at a higher resolution, the above diagramm should look like this:

And zooming in on the central area one sees the rift between upper and lower parts even more clearly:

The area highlighted in red in the above diagramms has the shape of a very long parallelogram. It is responsible for the difference in area between the square and the rectangle.

A similar dissection  paradox can be constructed when starting with a 13x13-square and rearranging the two triangles and two trapezoids that make it up into a 21x8-rectangle in a similar fashion as above:

Again at a higher resolution we have:

The area colored in red is again a parallelogram of area 1 where this time the upper and lower parts do overlap. Hence in this case, there is no rift here, but the resulting rectangle has a smaller area (=168) than the original square (=169) due to the overlapping.

What is the mathematical core of this paradox? To explain it in general, we start by mentioning the sequence of so called Fibonacci numbers Fn. This is a sequence of numbers in which each following number Fn+1 is defined as the sum of the two immediately preceeding numbers Fn and Fn-1. Hence:

Fn+1 = Fn + Fn-1 for all n = 1, 2, 3, …

The starting values are given by F0 = 0 and F1 = 1. Thus the first few values of the Fibonacci sequence are

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, …

The above dissection paradox then seems to say that

Fn . Fn   equals   Fn+1 . Fn-1

Let us perform some simple calculations to see what is really going on:

Fn . F=  Fn(Fn-1 + Fn-2)  =  Fn . Fn-1 + Fn . Fn-2

and

Fn+1 . Fn-1  =  (Fn + Fn-1)Fn-1  =  Fn . Fn-1 + Fn-1 . Fn-1

The difference Dn between these two products is:

D=   Fn+1 . Fn-1 -  Fn . Fn

     =  Fn-1  . Fn-1 -  Fn . Fn-2

     =  -Dn-1  =  (-1)2 Dn-2  =  ...  =  (-1)n-1D1  =  (-1)n

since  D1 =  F2 . F0  –  F1 . F1  =  1 . 0 – 1 . 1  =  (-1)1.

Therefore we have established the truth of what is known as Cassini`s identity:

Fn+1 . Fn-1– Fn . Fn   =  (-1)n

The conclusion is: One can always reorganize an Fn x Fn -square into an Fn+1 x Fn-1 -rectangle and the difference between their areas, namely Fn . Fn and Fn+1 . Fn-1 respectively, is (-1)n , i.e. either -1 or +1. In the first case, one has an overlap between the pieces. In the second case, there is a rift between them.

The next largest square for which the dissection works is a 21x21-square which in the above fashion may be reorganized into a 34x13-rectangle. You may work out how the 21x21-square needs to be cut by simply thinking of the Fibonacci sequence.


About the author

Christian Hesse holds a Ph.D. from Harvard University and was on the faculty of the University of California at Berkeley until 1991. Since then he is Professor of Mathematics at the University of Stuttgart (Germany). Subsequently he has been a visiting researcher and invited lecturer at universities around the world, ranging from the Australian National University, Canberra, to the University of Concepcion, Chile.

Recently he authored “Expeditionen in die Schachwelt” (Expeditions into the world of chess, ISBN 3-935748-14-0), a collection of about 100 essays that the Viennese newspaper Der Standard called “one of the most intellectually scintillating and recommendable books on chess ever written.”

Christian Hesse is married, has an eight-year-old daughter and a four-year-old son. He lives in Mannheim and likes Voltaire's reply to the complaint: ”Life is hard” – “Compared to what?”.

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