11/27/2018 – Two years after Magnus Carlsen openly went for a draw with White in the last classical game of his match against Sergey Karjakin, the World Champion offered a draw in a playable — slightly superior — position to take the struggle to rapid tiebreaks. Fabiano Caruana understandably agreed to split the point and now everything will be decided on Wednesday, when four rapid games — and blitz and Armageddon if the tie is not broken — will determine the champion. Guest analysis by GM WESLEY SO and GM ERWIN L'AMI. | Photos: World Chess
Tata Steel 2023: Analyses by Giri, Van Foreest, Praggnanandhaa, Donchenko and many more. "Special" on Anthony Miles. Kasimdzhanov, Marin and Zwirs show new opening ideas from Wijk in the video. 11 opening articles with repertoire ideas and much more!
Winning starts with what you know The new version 18 offers completely new possibilities for chess training and analysis: playing style analysis, search for strategic themes, access to 6 billion Lichess games, player preparation by matching Lichess games, download Chess.com games with built-in API, built-in cloud engine and much more.
I give promising mainlines for white against all black’s main replies to 1.d4 d5 that are engine-proof, easy to learn and can be played almost instantly.
€89.90
"It’s just absurd. I’m completely shocked"
It first looked like a far-fetched scenario, but as the match progressed it became increasingly likely; especially those who think classical chess needs to be somehow modified or adjusted to the new computer era were very keen to talk about it; all eyes were put on the two players that are clearly on top of the chess elite...and it finally happened: the classical portion of the match ended with all draws. It is the first time in history that this happens in a World Championship match.
We cannot say it was without excitement, though. Carlsen replied to Fabiano's 1.e4 exclusively with the Sicilian — and Caruana did not stop using Fischer's 'best by test' move nonetheless. In fact, the World Champion was very close to starting the match with a win, which would have undoubtedly changed the whole dynamics of the duel. And there were more wasted chances for both sides...
With the score tied, one game to go, Carlsen a clear favourite to win the tiebreaks and Caruana having the white pieces in the last game, the stage was set for a great show. Then, everything seemed to go the spectators' way: another Sicilian appeared on the board; for the first time in the match, Magnus outprepared Fabiano with the black pieces; the Challenger had a chance to go for a repetition, but refuted to do so; a complex struggle ensued, with Caruana low on time…do not miss the analyses below by star annotators Wesley So and Erwin l'Ami. But the main story of the day was the 'last move': Carlsen offering a draw from a position of strength!
Tired of spending hours and hours on the boring theory of your favourite opening? Then here is your solution, play an Anti-Sicilian with 3.Bb5 against 2...d6 or 2...Nc6, and 3.d3 against 2...e6. In 60 minutes you will get a crash course in how to avoid mainstream theory and in understanding the ideas of this Anti-Sicilian setup. After these 60 minutes you should be able to survive the Sicilian for a long time, without being bothered by new developments found by engine x supported by an x-core machine. Now that it finally comes down to understanding, let's play chess!
It was tough
The 'Today in Chess' show, produced by the Saint Louis Chess Club, brought two connoisseurs as guests: former World Champion Garry Kasparov and the person who took the crown from his hands, Vladimir Kramnik. When the game abruptly finished with an agreed draw, the latter was asked what his immediate reaction was. Kramnik:
Let me tell the first word which comes to my mind: It’s a shame…He’s just better without any risk. How can you offer a draw? This is out of the question for me. He can offer a draw any time — in 10-15 minutes. It’s just absurd — something is wrong with Magnus. I have a feeling he cannot withhold the pressure. He’s a great chess player but this is not the way you play a World Championship. You have to fight, especially in such positions. It’s frankly showing such a weakness.
I can understand if he would be one point ahead, and maybe offer a draw in this position, but maybe not. It’s just absurd. I’m completely shocked.
After the tense struggle, the players still had to face the press
These are strong words, but there is something to be said about Carlsen's decision: it is now evident that he was happy to draw and go for the tiebreaks, naturally. Having the black pieces against one of the better-prepared players in the world, who incidentally has also shown great nerves throughout the match, Magnus probably arrived in the game with the idea that a draw was a desirable result. Apparently, he could not adjust this mindset during the game, when he actually got the upper hand.
Nerves, of course, played a big role — both Kasparov and Kramnik talked about their previous experiences in this regard. Kasparov:
I never was in the same situation. All decisive games I played, that was the last game of the match. Either I had to win or draw to retain the title, so whatever your plan was, that was it.
Garry then correctly pointed out that you could not think about a tiebreak — there was none. He concluded:
Every game was all or nothing. This is not all or nothing.
On this DVD a team of experts gets to the bottom of Kasparov's play. In over 8 hours of video running time the authors Rogozenko, Marin, Reeh and Müller cast light on four important aspects of Kasparov's play: opening, strategy, tactics and endgame.
A packed house on Monday
Kramnik, on the other hand, talked about how it might be different for some players to deal with the pressure and find ways to motivate themselves:
My approach was always just to forget about it. Think about the game — as if I were playing a regular game…in such moments, especially in a World Championship match. Maybe I have a strange and old fashioned way of seeing it, but it’s already not so much up to you what will happen…the only thing which you control is your player, your stamina, not to get too nervous, to play as well as you can at this particular moment. [...] As simple as it sounds.
He speculated that he might have a different approach than Magnus:
Maybe [other players] need another approach — exactly the opposite — to get to [their] best. It’s very individual, it depends very much on your temperament [and] on your character…so I wouldn’t recommend it to anyone.
There is a lot of room for discussion, but the outcome of the game now means that the players will probably have a couple of long nights ahead before deciding who will be regarded as 'World Champion' for the next two years. The tied score after the classical portion changed the paying structure from 60/40 to 55/45, but it seems this is the last thing the players are thinking about. When asked, Carlsen said he was not even aware of the regulation and Caruana replied: "I don't care about the money".
Anyway, it will all be decided on Wednesday when Carlsen will have the white pieces in the first rapid game at the same starting time.
In computer chess there is no getting past Komodo, a two-time ICGA Computer World Chess Champion. Find out how Komodo can take your game to the next level!
Judit Polgar: "I think it's the most stressful game of his life, no doubt about it"
The Sveshnikov Variation of the Sicilian Defence is considered one of the most promising replies to 1.e4, often giving rise to sharp and complex positions which require precise and inventive play from both sides. Thus, an opening tailor-made for Alexei Shirov (FIDE World Cup finalist in 2007), who has included it into his repertoire with both White and Black and knows the mutual tricks and traps all too well.
Caruana: "I was a bit surprised by the draw offer..."
Game 12 analysed by Wesley So
Current world's number 10 and someone who will very much be in the run to qualify for the next match, Wesley So, took a closer look at the game. He wrote about the Challenger:
"All his tournaments, all the work of his life has been aimed at reaching this point. After accomplishing everything necessary to reach the goal of playing for the World Championship, Fabiano has survived eleven tough rounds to get to this last game. I cannot think of any game where there's so much to play for."
New ...
New Game
Edit Game
Setup Position
Open...
PGN
FEN
Share...
Share Board (.png)
Share Board (configure)
Share playable board
Share game as GIF
Notation (PGN)
QR Code
Layout...
Use splitters
Swipe notation/lists
Reading mode
Flip Board
Settings
Move
N
Result
Elo
Players
Replay and check the LiveBook here
Please, wait...
The last game, where so much is at stake. If Fabiano wins he'll become the
17th world champion. All his tournaments, all the work of his life has been
aimed at reaching this point. After accomplishing everything necessary to
reach the goal of playing for the World Championship, Fabiano has survived
eleven tough rounds to get to this last game. I cannot think of any game where
there's so much to play for. Will we see Fabiano win the biggest game of his
life? Or will we see Carlsen defend his title once again?1.e4!In the
last few months and in tournaments before this one, Fabiano had been
experimenting with 1.d4 or 1.c4. Although he had great results with White in
some games in the Catalan or the Nimzo, that was just a distraction for Magnus
to ponder. In this match of all matches, Fabiano will stick to his main
opening 1.e4!c52.Nf3Nc63.d4Shelving 3.Bb5, which has been played
three times in this tournament.cxd44.Nxd4Nf65.Nc3e56.Ndb5d6
As predicted by many people including myself, we see the Sveshnikov Sicilian
for the last game. I'm sure many people were pleased to see such a sharp
opening for the final game of the match. Magnus has strongh nerves. In order
to be able to play such a sharp opening you have to come very well prepared;
there are many pitfalls and traps that Black can easily fall into in the
Sveshnikov. You have to have complete trust in your ability to calculate and
assess the arising positions. Part of me wonders what would happen if Magnus
employed 1...e5 in a game in this match.7.Nd57.Bg5is the main move
here by far. Fabiano has played this many times before, his most recent being
a big win against Gata Kamsky in the 2017 US Championships.a68.Na3b59.Bxf6gxf610.Nd5Now Black can play both 10...f5 or 10...Bg7. This complex
variation used to be very popular. Just a few years ago Boris Gelfand and
Teimour Radjabov were staunch defenders of this line. These days we'll
probably see 7.Nd5 grow into popularity since everyone copies the top player's
games.7...Nxd58.exd5Ne7While annotating game 8 for ChessBase, I
wondered what would happen if Magnus chose 8...Ne7. Today we'll see exactly
that.The usual move8...Nb8was played in games 8 and 10.9.c4
Many years ago while reading Rogozenco's The Sveshnikov Reloaded book, I
remember that 9.c3 was considered White's best. It gives White some extra
options on the queenside.9.c3Now Black should probably play 9...Nf5 to
keep d6 defended. If he triesNg6?it's a mistake since9...f5!?10.Qa4Kf7is playable too, though White might be a bit better after11.Qb410.Qa4Bd711.Qc4is unpleasant. Especially afterRc812.Qb4hitting the
d6 and a7 pawns.9...Ng610.Qa4Bd7is a quick way to decide the last
round game and head for the rapid playoffs. But if this happens we might see
protesters and rioters in London, and the fans who paid tickets would
definitely want a full refund. Playing top level chess is not easy, but
fortunately Fabiano comes well prepared and ready to fight for an advantage.11.Qb4Bf5The best move, I'm sure Magnus is still following his prep.
The most natural move is11...Qb8It has been played 13 times in the past
according to the ChessBase Live Book. Still it doesn't seem to equalize. White
just has too much space.12.h4h513.Be2a614.Nc3Be715.g3for
example here. I still like White, after making natural moves for both sides.
It seems to me that White has an easier game and the knight on g6 is misplaced.
Needless to say11...Bxb512.Qxb5+Qd7has to be avoided. No one
should give up the bishop pair without getting someting concrete in return.12.h4h5NBlack pushes back and does not give White any more space to
work with. Fabiano likes playing with a lot of space and it's dangerous to
give him too much ground to work with. Coincidentally this is also a novelty
according to my database.12...Be713.h5Nf414.Be3a615.Nc3Nd3+16.Bxd3Bxd317.Rd112...a613.h513.Qa4A provocative move and a typical
strategy. By repeating the position twice a player can move the game closer to
the time control on move 40. This allows him or her to have more time to think
on critical positions. This makes more sense in complicated or unfamiliar
openings like the Sveshnikov. In a Berlin 5.Re1 or a symmetrical Petroff it is
perhaps unnecessary. But in this game it could be beneficial as we are in
foreign territory at such an early stage of the game.Bd714.Qb4Bf515.Be3White gains time from creating threats on the queenside. I suppose he has to
act quickly or else Black comfortably finishes his development. Then the
construction of Black active pieces on the kingside guarantees counterplay. In
that regard 15.Bg5 looks interesting too.A slow move like15.Be2
will not cut it, if White is looking for an advantage. AfterBe716.g3a617.Nc3e4Black creates strong counterplay with Bf6 and Ne5 coming next.
It is tempting to disrupt Black's development with15.Bg5and with
hindsight I would recommend this move. Black does not really want to play f6,
and Be7 loses soQb8has to be played.15...Be7?16.Bxe7Kxe717.c5
is bad for Black. Now his king is forced unto f6dxc518.Qxc5+Kf6And now
19.Nd6 leaves Black's king in a tough spot.19.Nd6±16.g316.Qa5!?
is a deep computer move. The fun idea is thatb617.Qa4Bd718.Bd3White
wants to win quickly with Bf5 butBe7!equalizes and takes out the fun.18...a619.Bf5!is tough to meet for Black.19.Bxg6fxg620.Bxe7Kxe721.Qc2Kf7=16...a617.Nc3Be718.Be2Qc7now we get a line very
similar to the game, but Black has to spend two tempi moving his queen from b8
to c7. Also Fabiano avoids the possibility of 15...Be7 as could happen in his
game. It does not look like there is much difference to the untrained eye, but
in top level chess little things like this matter.15...a6I wonder where
both players preparation ended. I suspect it was a move ago. Here Black has
another seemingly better (albeit more risky) option.I like here15...Be7Black is going to get fast development and piece play for his pawn.16.Nxa716.Bxa70-017.g3b6the bishop on a7 is in a tricky spot.16.g3
Black can finish his development by castling or go 16...Be4 and 17...Bf3.16...0-0White has many possibilities now. It is not simple to defend over
the board against Black's initiative. Perhaps17.Bb617.g3Be418.Rh2Bf319.Nb5f5!with attack.17.Qxb7?Qa5+18.b4Qa3-+17.Nb5Nxh417.Be2Nf417.a4Nxh4∞17...Qd718.Qb5is the safest in order to
trade queens. The position is very complex.Bd819.Qxd7Bxd720.Bxd8Rfxd821.Nb5Bxb522.cxb5Ra423.g3Rc8∞16.Nc3Qc7Solid and simple.
There is no need to go for asymetrical positions16...Be717.Qxb70-018.0-0-0Nxh419.Qb6it feels that the h4 pawn is not as important as
Black's b7 pawn.17.g317.Qa4+Bd718.Qd1Ne717...Be718.f318.Qa4+Bd719.Qd1Bg420.Be2Bxe221.Qxe218.Be2Nf818...Nf8!Optimal
rearrangement of the pieces. In these kinds of positions you want to delay
castling until White shows his hand. Castling short now will only tempt White
to go for a full frontal kingside attack with Be2, and g4/f4 etc.18...0-019.Be2Bd720.a4!With the queenside closed, White can focus on planning
his kingside attack.f521.f4exf422.gxf4the position is complex, but it
should be in White's favour.19.Ne4Nd719...Bxe420.fxe4Nd721.Bh320.Bd30-0Watching this game live I expected20...Bg6although
perhaps it does not make much difference since Black has to castle sooner or
later.21.Rh2?No doubt the enormous tension of the last round of the
World Championship match takes its toll on everyone. Both players start making
mistakes. This has a nice idea to it, but it's too ambitious and simply does
not work. White wants to play Rc2 and castle long, but this gives Magnus more
than enough time and options to meet this plan. Fabiano gives the impression
that he likes positions of opposite castled kings. Therefore this move does
not come as a big surprise from him. It's just too ambitious.White has to
acquiesce and play the calmer21.0-0Bg622.Qd2when f5 is always met by
Ng5. White can still try to fight for an advantage if Magnus is not careful.21.0-0-0b5castling queenside is unrealistic at this point.21...Rac8Or21...Bg622.0-0-0Bg6Now f5 is coming and its unpleasant to
meet it as White has no good way to prevent it. His best option now is to play
calmly and brace for the coming storm.23.Rc2I thought at first23.Kb1
was better to keep the rook on the h-file for now.f524.Ng5Bxg525.hxg5e426.fxe4Ne527.Be2but still both Ng4 or fxe4 now is in Black's favour.23...f524.Nf224.Ng5Bxg525.hxg5e424...Nc5Black has seized a
powerful initiative and is slowly taking over.25.f4Desperation, but what
else? White hopes to at least keep the g6-bishop away from action.25.Bxc5dxc526.Qe1Rfe8as I said earlier no one really wants to give up the bishop
pair unless necessary.25...a5An automatic move in conjuction with a
piece outpost on c5. I wonder if Magnus thought of or even considered b5 ideas
here.25...exf426.Bxf4b5looks powerful, and might be just close to
winning.27.Qd2is the sternest defence, when Black can go 27...Bf6, or 27..
.Qb6. White's position is tough to defend and his consolation (asleep bishop
on g6) is not enough to save him objectively. His pieces are just badly placed
especially the knight on f2. Not to mention shaky king safety.27.Kb1a5
when taking on b5 will lead to a queen trap after Be8.28.Qxb5?Be827...Bf625...b5is perfectly good too with the same ideas.26.Qd2I
expected Bf6 now to keep the tension on the kingside open for a while, but
Magnus has no qualms about closing it right away.e426...Bf627.Be2
is possible, and now Black can think whether to take on f4 or play like Magnus
with e4. The computer gives a large advantage for Black after taking on f4,
but it is definitely far from clear over the board.exf428.gxf4Rfe829.Rg129.Bd4Qe729...Bf730.Kb1a4Black has Nb3 ideas and even positional
exchange sacrifices on e3.31.Bf3Rxe332.Qxe3Re833.Qa3Bd4these are
computer lines of course. I cannot imagine anyone finding any of these in a
tournament game.27.Be2Be8Still even after not playing the best way on
move 25 Magnus keeps hopes alive by maintaining a stable advantage. White has
to solve the small issue of his vulnerable king.28.Kb1Bf628...Ba4
is possible, White can sac the exchange with29.Bxh5nowb5is an out of
this world move. Black is clearly better here by the way.29.Re1White's
best defense is29.Nh3!posting the knight on g5. From there it always
has the option to jump on e6 and create distraction.Ba4!?30.b3looks
scary for White, though he probably just survives the onslaught.Bxb331.axb3Nxb332.Qe1b533.c529...a4Magnus misses a great opportunity to try to
seal the deal.29...Ba4!is incredibly powerful. Black's attack is
simply much faster in all lines. Here are some ChessBase engine analysis:30.Rcc130.b3Bxb331.axb3Nxb332.Qd1a4!Is a steady but sure way to win
as White cannot defend against all the threats. Qa5 is Black's main idea.33.Bxh533.Ka2Qa534.Qb1b533...Qa534.Bg6Qb4Now a possible line is35.Qh535.Ka2Nc1+35...Rfd836.Bxf5Nd4+37.Rb2Qxe1+38.Ka2Nxf539.Qxf5Bxb2when White loses all his pieces.30.Bxh5Bxc2+31.Qxc2b532.cxb5Qd733.Qe2Na4-+30...b5!An important follow up.31.cxb531.Bxh5Qb731.Bd4Bxd432.Qxd4bxc433.Rxc4Rb831...Qb632.Bd4Bxd433.Qxd4Bxb534.Bxh5a4basically Black is almost winning after 29...Ba4. I
think though it is unrealistic to expect a person to find it over the board.
Just reading the reports on ChessBase I can only imagine how much tension the
players are going through to perform well. Pressure, pressure pressure from
every side.30.Qb4g631.Rd1When I first saw this move I thought it was
an internet glitch. I expected Fabiano to improve the position of his knight
with 31.Nd1.31.Nd1White will hopefully unravel and take a solid stance
with Qd2 and Nc3.31...Ra8Draw agreed. A big surprise, considering that
Black still had a stable advantage in the position and on the clock. (If I
remember correctly Magnus had 50 minutes left here compared to Fabiano's 20
minutes.) I guess Nh3 followed by Ng5 gives White a solid position, so Magnus
decided to call it a day. Magnus must be really looking forward to the rapid
tiebreaks, as he did two years ago against Sergey Karjakin. He missed great
winning opportunities on move 25 and move 29 and I sort of suspect he came
into the game with an eye on the tiebreaks. It's also posisble that he just
wnated to make a lot of people happy (including myself). As two years ago we
again get to see a four game rapid playoff! I am very excited to watch this
match live. My prediction is that Fabiano will give Magnus a run for his money.
That said, rapid games are a totally different kind of chess. Usually the
player with the better nerves wins. Let's see what happens.½–½
Are you looking for an active defence against 1.d4? Look no further! The Tarrasch Defence (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5) is one of Black's most ambitious ways to meet 1.d4.
33.e5!Kb734.Nf6Qh4+35.Ke233...Qg5!-+34.Nh234.Qf2war nötig.34...h535.Rf2Qg136.Nf1h436...Qg7-+37.Nd2Kb737.Kd2?37.e5!37...Kb738.c3Be5Droht ...Tg3! und aus.39.Kc2Qg739...b5-+zielt auf ...Tg3! ab.40.Qe2b441.cxb4Bd440.Nh2!Bxc341.Qxf4Bd442.Qf7+Ka6!43.Qxg7Rxg7 Endspiel KTL-KTSDoch nicht43...Bxg7?!44.Rf5=44.Re2Rg345.Ng4e5 ist eine echte Drohung.Rxh3Weiss muss nun ...Tg3 beachten.46.e5Rf347.e6Rf848.e7Re849.Nh6!h350.Nf5
Und weiter mit Th2 wäre nett.50...Bf6!51.a3b5Günstiger ist51...Ka552.b4=cxb453.axb4
53...Bxe7!54.Nxe754.Rxe7Rxe754...h255.Rxh2Und Th7 würde nun gewinnen.Rxe7KT-KT56.Rh6Kb657.Kc3Rd758.Rg6Kc759.Rh6Rd660.Rh8!Rg661.Ra8!Kb762.Rh8Rg563.Rh7+Kb664.Rh6Rg1Weiss sollte ...a5 verhindern.65.Kc2Rf166.Rg6Rh167.Rf6Rh868.Kc3Ra8Mit der Idee ...a5.69.d4Rd870.Rh6Rd771.Rg6Kc772.Rg5Rd673.Rg8Rh674.Ra8Rh3+75.Kc2Ra376.Kb2Ra477.Kc3!a678.Rh8Ra3+79.Kb2Rg379...Rd3feels hotter.80.Rh7+Kd681.Ra7Rxd482.Ka3Rd3+80.Kc2Rg581.Rh6Rd582.Kc3Rd683.Rh8!Rg684.Kc2Kb785.Kc3Rg3+86.Kc2Rg187.Rh5Rg2+88.Kc3!Rg3+89.Kc2Rg490.Kc3Kb691.Rh6Rg592.Rf6Rh593.Rg6Rh3+94.Kc2Rh595.Kc3!Rd596.Rh6Kc797.Rh7+Rd798.Rh5Rd699.Rh8!Rg6100.Rf8Rg3+101.Kc2Ra3102.Rf7+Kd6103.Ra7!Kd5Droht stark ...Kc4.104.Kb2Rd3105.Rxa6Rxd4106.Kb3Re4107.Kc3Rc4+108.Kb3Kd4109.Rb6!Die Stellung ist ausgeglichen.Kd3110.Ra6Rc2111.Rb6!Rc3+112.Kb2Rc4113.Kb3Kd4114.Ra6Kd5115.Ra8Precision: Weiß = 71%, Schwarz = 67%.½–½
Antonio PereiraAntonio is a freelance writer and a philologist. He is mainly interested in the links between chess and culture, primarily literature. In chess games, he skews towards endgames and positional play.
Chess Festival Prague 2025 with analyses by Aravindh, Giri, Gurel, Navara and others. ‘Special’: 27 highly entertaining miniatures. Opening videos by Werle, King and Ris. 10 opening articles with new repertoire ideas and much more.
Experts examine the games of Max Euwe. Let them show you which openings Euwe chose to play, where his strength in middlegames were, which tactical abilities he had or how he outplayed his opponents in the endgame.
This interactive video course of over 8 hours, provides an in-depth exploration of the Pirc Defence, a favoured opening for people looking to play for the win with the black pieces.
Pirc Defence Powerbase 2025 is a database and contains a total of 10027 games from Mega 2025 or the Correspondence Database 2024; of these 874 are annotated.
The Pirc Defence Powerbook 2025 consists for a greater part of engine games (168 000), to which has been added high value material from Mega and the Correspondence Database (115 000).
The free app from ChessBase! ChessBase Mobile has everything you need as a chess player on the go:
access your chess data in cloud databases - and 13 million games.
€0.00
We use cookies and comparable technologies to provide certain functions, to improve the user experience and to offer interest-oriented content. Depending on their intended use, analysis cookies and marketing cookies may be used in addition to technically required cookies. Here you can make detailed settings or revoke your consent (if necessary partially) with effect for the future. Further information can be found in our data protection declaration.
Pop-up for detailed settings
We use cookies and comparable technologies to provide certain functions, to improve the user experience and to offer interest-oriented content. Depending on their intended use, cookies may be used in addition to technically required cookies, analysis cookies and marketing cookies. You can decide which cookies to use by selecting the appropriate options below. Please note that your selection may affect the functionality of the service. Further information can be found in our privacy policy.
Technically required cookies
Technically required cookies: so that you can navigate and use the basic functions and store preferences.
Analysis Cookies
To help us determine how visitors interact with our website to improve the user experience.
Marketing-Cookies
To help us offer and evaluate relevant content and interesting and appropriate advertisement.