Petrosian – Learning from the Master

Development refers to improving a chess piece at the beginning of a game, generally by opening the way towards the centre of the board and possibly bringing it out towards the centre of the board. The pieces on the back row begin the game in a very limited state, mostly unable to move or unable to move to many different places. A simplistic guide should be:

1. Move your pieces out from their starting squares to prepare for battle.
2. Occupy and attack central squares (e4, e5, d4, and d5).
3. Improve your position by deploying all your pieces to more powerful positions.

Neglecting development might lead to unfortunate situations. We can learn a lot about that by a cautious and defensive giant of chess history.

Tigran Petrosian

Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian was a Soviet-Armenian Grandmaster, nicknamed ‘Iron Tigran’ due to his almost-impenetrable defensive playing style, which emphasized safety above all else. He was a candidate for the World Chess Championship on eight occasions (1953, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1971, 1974, 1977 and 1980). He won the World Championship in 1963 (against Mikhail Botvinnik) to become the ninth World Chess Champion, from 1963 to 1969. He, successfully defended his title in 1966, against Boris Spassky, but lost it in 1969, to Boris Spassky. He is often credited with popularising chess in Armenia. 

Petrosian was born to Armenian parents on 17 June 1929, in Tbilisi, Georgia. As a young boy he was an excellent student and enjoyed studying, as did his brother Hmayak and sister Vartoosh. He learned to play chess at the age of 8, though his illiterate father Vartan encouraged him to continue studying, as he thought chess as a career was unlikely to bring his son any success.

Petrosian was orphaned during World War II and was forced to sweep streets to earn a living. In a 1969 interview with Time Magazine, he recalled:

"I started sweeping streets in the middle of the winter and it was horrible. Of course, there were no machines then, so we had to do everything by hand. Some of the older men helped me out. I was a weak boy. And I was ashamed of being a street sweeper – that's natural, I suppose. It wasn't so bad in the early morning when the streets were empty, but when it got light and the crowds came out I really hated it. I got sick and missed a year in school. We had a babushka, a sister of my father, and she really saved me. She gave me bread to eat when I was sick and hungry."

Around this time, his hearing began to deteriorate, a problem that continued to affect him throughout his life.

Petrosian was a conservative, cautious, and highly defensive chess player who was strongly influenced by Aron Nimzowitsch's idea of prophylaxis. He made more effort to prevent his opponent's offensive capabilities than he did to make use of his own, and very rarely went on the offensive unless he felt his position was completely secure. He usually won by playing consistently until an overly aggressive opponent made a mistake, securing victory by capitalising upon this mistake without revealing any weaknesses of his own.

This style of play often led to draws, especially against other players who preferred to counterattack. Nonetheless, his patience and mastery of defence made him extremely difficult to defeat. In fact he was considered to be the hardest player to beat in the history of chess.

To summarize: Petrosian was the defending World Champion or a World Championship Candidate in ten consecutive three-year cycles. He won the Soviet Championship four times (1959, 1961, 1969, and 1975).

Petrosian is responsible for greatly popularizing chess in Armenia. A statue of him stands in the park near the Yerevan Chess House, and his portrait appears on a banknote.

Take a look at the memorable and highly instructive game below [click on the notation or diagrams to get an interactive replayer with engine support]:

Petrosian, Tigran V

1–0

Pachman, Ludek

Bled 30th Anniversary 10.09.1961[Efstratios Grivas]

1.Nf3 c5 2.g3 Nc6 3.Bg2 g6 4.0-0 Bg7 (D)

5.d3 In such early stages, when we can have various transpositions, everything is a matter of taste! More common here is 5.c4 d6 5...Nf6 6.Nc3 0-0 7.d4 cxd4 8.Nxd4 Nxd4 9.Qxd4 d6 Kramnik,V-Andreikin,D Moscow 2010, when we have the 'Maroczy Bind' 6.Nc3 Qd7 7.e3 Bxc3 8.bxc3 f5 9.d3 Nf6 10.Nd2 Nakamura,H-Carlsen,M Moscow 2012. 5...e6 (D)

6.e4 White opts for the reversed 'King's Indian Defence'. Nge7 7.Re1 0-0 8.e5 An bit too early advance. 8.c3 , looks more flexible: e5 9.a3 d6 10.b4 Be6 11.b5 Nb8 12.c4 h6 13.Nc3 Carlsen,M-Grischuk,A Internet 2017. 8...d6 (D)

Rightly so; the white centre should be attacked! 8...b6 , is possible, but White gets a slight edge after 9.Nbd2 d5 10.Nf1 Qc7 11.Bf4 Fischer,R-Mednis,E Cleveland 1957. 9.exd6 More or less forced, as not much for White is 9.Bf4 dxe5 10.Nxe5 Nxe5 11.Bxe5 Bxe5 12.Rxe5 Qd4∞ Palomino,D-Zabala,F Medellin 2014. 9...Qxd6 (D)

10.Nbd2 Qc7 11.Nb3 A better way to try for something, as 11.Nc4 e5 12.Be3∞ Toth,G-Fancsy,I Veszprem 1995, should be fine for Black. 11...Nd4? (D)

Black's development hasn't been completed, so moves ike the text should be avoided. Natural and good was 11...b6 12.Bf4 Qd8 13.d4∞ Schmidt,W-Hecht,H Wijk aan Zee 1972. 12.Bf4! Qb6 It looks like the text is looking for troubles, but Black hardly had a satisfactory continuation: 12...Nxf3+ 13.Qxf3 e5 14.Be3 Rb8! 15.Bxc5 b6 16.Bxe7 Qxe7 17.Qe3± . 13.Ne5! (D)

As Black has fallen behind with his development, he faces extreme problems in the centre. 13...Nxb3?! (D)

Black should be brave and opt for 13...Bxe5 14.Bxe5 f6 15.Bxd4! 15.Bf4 e5 16.Nxd4 cxd4 17.c4! Rf7 18.Bc1 15...cxd4 16.Rc1 Bd7 17.c4± . 14.Nc4! A strong intermediate move, which can be easily missed. But also strong is 14.axb3 Nd5?! 14...Bxe5 15.Bxe5 f6 16.Bc3 Nc6 17.Qd2± 15.Nc4 Qc6 16.Qd2! b6 17.Ne5 Bxe5 18.Rxe5 f6 19.Re2 Qd7 20.Bh6 Rf7 21.c4+- Vogt,L-Molina,F Switzerland 2001. 14...Qb5?! Relatively best is 14...Qd8 15.axb3 Nf5 16.Ra5! Bxb2 17.Qd2 Bf6 18.Rxc5± . Black will not survive after 14...Nxa1 15.Nxb6 axb6 16.Qxa1+- Wessendorf,T-Stillger,B Germany 2019. 15.axb3 (D)

With the strong threat 16.Ra5. 15...a5 16.Bd6! Bf6?! By examining the position, we can easily come to the conclusion that White holds a considerable advantage. He is fully developed and nearly all his pieces are placed in optimal squares. On the contrary, Black is struggling to develop his queenside and protect his queenside pawns… The white queen is the only white piece not yet developed, so… The text is losing, but after 16...Re8 17.Bc7! , White's threats (Bxa5, Nd6) are difficult to be met without the loss of material. 17.Qf3! Kg7?! (D)

Giving the chance to White for a nice combination, but alternatives are also not satisfactory: 17...Nd5 18.Bxf8 Kxf8 19.Ne5 Bxe5 20.Rxe5+- , or 17...Nf5 18.Bxf8 Kxf8 19.g4+- . As we can say, Black’s position is beyond repairing, leaving White with many ways to bring the bacon home… 18.Re4? White could have crowned his strategy by the tactical shot 18.Qxf6+! Kxf6 19.Be5+ Kg5 20.Bg7! Rg8 21.f4+ Kg4 22.Ne5+ Kh5 23.Bf3# (D)

A beautiful king hunt, which can be seen in a lot of books for tactics. 18...Rd8? T.Petrosian didn't make the same mistake twice... Black didn't see the queen sac on f6, otherwise he would have opted for 18...Nd5 19.Bxf8+ Kxf8 20.Ne5+- , or... resign! 19.Qxf6+! Kxf6 20.Be5+ Kg5 21.Bg7! (D)

21.Bg7 Cutting-off the black's king escape square! Black resigned, as he getting mated after Nf5 22.f4+ Kg4 23.Ne5+ Kh5 24.Bf3# . 1–0

Master Class Vol.13 - Tigran Petrosian

Considered a master of prophylaxis, Petrosian sensed dangers long before they actually became acute on the board. In his prime, Petrosian was almost invincible. Let our authors introduce you into the world of Tigran Petrosian.

Early Years

As a young junior, Petrosian was playing more aggressively, as the following games I have annotated can prove:

In part two of this Petrosian article I will show you more games from the great master.
In the meantime you might be interested in my latest book:

The Chess Instructor – The Isolated Pawn

by Efstratios Grivas

Every chess player who wishes to improve his level in the difficult subject of chess is obliged to study methodically and understand the existing principles that govern the theory of the opening, middlegame and endgame.

Most chess players focus more on the study of opening theory than other aspects of the game. The reasons are probably clear: opening theory is easier to learn and can provide immediate results, although this is based more on the opponent’s ignorance than our own abilities. Even for a chess trainer, it is easier to teach some variations from this or that opening or a set of simple tactical motifs than to engross himself in the exposition of middlegame and endgame theory.

Yes, middlegame and endgame theory does exist. The great difficulty in approaching it lies in the fact that it does not follow absolute and clear-cut paths, but rather involves deep research in the ideas and logic by which specific types of positions are treated. Moreover, unlike opening theory, the theory of the middlegame and the endgame does not change rapidly based on modern developments and remains almost intact through the years.

In view of the above, any chess player who wishes to follow a chess career or simply become a better player must refrain from the commonplace and assume a different approach. He must develop a good understanding of middlegame and endgame theory, so as to be able in his games to proceed in a proper way after his chosen opening has reached its conclusion.

The purpose of this series is to introduce the reader to advanced training concepts, using the same methods of presentation and instruction that were taught to great players by famous trainers that they have worked with.

You can buy the book in the Chess Shop