Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie win Japan Prize

When Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie began creating the Unix operating system in 1969, they did not envision that their work would become a backbone of the computer revolution that has transformed the world. The two Bell Labs computer scientists – named today as winners of the 2011 Japan Prize for information and communications – just wanted to build a better operating system. "I did it as a backlash against the bad operating systems of the day," said Thompson, 67. "We were just trying to get something better to get our own work done."

In 1999 Thompson and Ritchie received the National Medal of Technology from President Clinton

Thompson, now living in San Jose and doing work as a "distinguished engineer" for Mountain View's Google Inc., and Ritchie, 69, now a computer consultant, were named by the Japan Prize Foundation to commemorate their work four decades ago at the old Bell Laboratories, now owned by Alcatel-Lucent in New Jersey. Unix, developed in conjunction with the programming language C, "has significantly advanced computer software, hardware and networks over the past four decades and facilitated the realization of the Internet," the foundation said in a news release.

The pair will split a $600,000 prize awarded by the foundation, which began in 1982 to honor those whose work "aims to promote the advancement of science and technology for the peace and prosperity of mankind." Ten Japan Prize winners have also won Nobel Prizes.

• Read the full article here (it appeared on page D-1 of the San Francisco Chronicle)
• Unix dynamic duo awarded Japan Prize

The Japan Prize is awarded to people from all parts of the world whose "original and outstanding achievements in science and technology are recognized as having advanced the frontiers of knowledge and served the cause of peace and prosperity for mankind." The Prize is in principle given for work done in any field of science and technology, but each year two particular fields are designated based on trends within these areas and other considerations. Laureates receive a "Japan Prize" certificate of merit, a prize medal, and a cash award of 50 million yen for each field. Only living individuals may be nominated for the prize.

To give you an impression here is last year's Japan Prize ceremony – which is attended by the Japanese Emperor,
his wife and the entire Japanese government. The 2011 Prize to Thompson and Ritchie will be awarded in April.

Ken Thompson is famous for Unix and C, but is also considered a computer chess pioneer. In 1979 Ken and a colleague at the Bell Laboratories decided to build a special purpose machine to play chess, using many hundreds of chips, worth about 20,000 dollars.

"Belle" was able to search at about 180,000 positions per second (the super-computers at the time were doing 5,000 positions) and go down eight to nine ply in tournament games, which enabled it to play in the master category. It won the world computer chess championship and all other computer tournaments from 1980 to 1983, until it was superseded by giant Cray X-MPs costing a thousand times more.

Ken is also one of the pioneers of endgame databases. In the 80s he began to generate and store all legal endgame positions with four and five pieces on the board. A typical five-piece ending, like king and two bishops vs king and knight, contains 121 million positions. With a pawn, which is asymmetric in its movements, the number rises to 335 million. Thompson wrote programs that generated all legal positions and worked out every forcing line that is possible in each endgame. He also compressed the resulting data in a way that allowed one to store about 20 endgames on a standard CD-ROM.

Ken at the London Chess Classic

One of the guests of honour at the 2011 London Chess Classic was Ken Thompson, who remains a keen chess enthusiast and is well known to many of the world's top grandmasters. There are many stories to be told about his visit to London in December – at least one involves chess and astronomy – but we will leave that for later. Here are some pictorial impressions.

A conjunction of pure brain power: world class economist and chess grandmaster Ken Rogoff,
GM and author John Nunn, computer and computer chess pioneer Ken Thompson

A post-game coffee shop encounter: Prof Vinayak Dravid of Northwestern University,
Vishy Anand, World Chess Champion and Ken Thompson, a good friend of Anand

Operating remote telescopes with Anand, Luke McShane (right) and astronomer
Christian Sasse, who runs the Global Rent-a-Scope (GRAS) site

A private dinner given by the Chess Classic sponsor Peter Davies for Anand, Davies, Natasha Rogoff,
Ken, tournament organiser Malcolm Pein. The empty chairs belong to Frederic Friedel and Ken Rogoff...

Ken, a four-pen geek, in conversation with Natasha Lance Rogoff, an independent film maker who graduated from the University of California at Berkeley and received a master's degree in international affairs from Columbia University. Most impressively Natasha is responsible for the production of 182 original Sesame Street episodes in Russian.

Ken with French journalist Marie Laure Germon, who is married to Vladimir Kramnik

Photos from London by Frederic Friedel